malware and fraudulent emails) displayed higher variance and average values than categories associated with specific outcomes (e.g. Our review shows: (i) firms face higher victimisation rates than individuals, which increases in the number of employees (ii) global surveys reveal a consistent relative ranking of countries in ransomware victimisation (iii) although trends could be identified within studies that collect longitudinal data, these trends tended to contradict each other when compared across studies and (iv) broad categories with unclear consequences (e.g. For each category, we display all estimates in the years 2017-2021. The victimisation estimates are categorised into: cyber attack malware ran-somware fraudulent email online banking fraud online sales fraud unauthorised access Denial of Service and identity theft. We extract estimates from 48 studies conducted by a mix of academics, statistical institutes, and cybersecurity vendors using a range of data sources including victim surveys, case-control studies, and the insurance market. This paper reviews the quantitative evidence available for both cybercrime victimi-sation and cyber risk likelihood, providing a bridge between the academic fields of criminology and cybersecurity. Similarly, firms should account for the likelihood of different forms of cyber incident when tailoring risk management policies. Law enforcement should focus on investigating and disrupting those cybercrimes that are relatively more frequent, all else being equal.

Across both the public and private sector, cyberse-curity decisions could be informed by estimates of the likelihood of different types of exploitation and the corresponding harms.

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